Journal: Apoptosis
Article Title: Copper modulates cell fate through the PLK1–FOXO3a–β-catenin signaling pathway by differentially regulating cuproptosis and EMT
doi: 10.1007/s10495-025-02211-z
Figure Lengend Snippet: Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition by BI-2536 mimics the cellular and molecular effects of Cu-elesclomol (ES) combination treatment. A Wound healing assays are performed to assess the migratory capacity of SW480 and LoVo cells treated with the vehicle control or BI-2536 (10 nM) for 24 h. Representative images at 0, 24, and 48 h are indicated with yellow dashed lines, indicating wound margins (left panels), and quantification of wound closure percentages is provided (right panels). Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). * P < 0.05 and *** P < 0.001 vs. untreated control. B Transwell migration assay is performed under similar conditions. Migrated cells are stained with crystal violet (left panels), and cell migration is quantified (right panels). Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). * P < 0.05 and *** P < 0.001 vs. untreated control. (C) Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis is used to measure the mRNA expression levels of E-cadherin, vimentin, and FOXO3a in cells treated with vehicle control or BI-2536 (10 nM) for 24 h. Expression levels are normalized to β-actin. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001 vs. untreated control. D Western blotting is performed to assess protein levels of E-cadherin, vimentin, forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a), cyclin B1, cyclin D1 and cyclin D3 under similar treatment conditions, with β-actin as a loading control. E Subcellular localization of β-catenin and FOXO3a is analyzed using cytoplasmic and nuclear fractionation, followed by western blotting. Fraction purity is confirmed using β-actin (cytoplasmic marker) and lamin B1 (nuclear marker). F Immunofluorescence staining is performed to visualize FOXO3a subcellular localization after BI-2536 treatment. Red fluorescence indicates FOXO3a, blue indicates 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole nuclear staining, and merged images are shown. Scale bar = 20 μm. G Co-immunoprecipitation is used to assess the interaction between FOXO3a and β-catenin. β-catenin antibody is used for pulldown, and protein levels in total lysates are presented below. IgG served as the negative control, and lamin B1 is used as the nuclear marker
Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, receptor-interacting protein kinase 1, receptor-interacting protein kinase 3, solute carrier family 7 member 11, vimentin, and cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA); heme oxygenase 1, glutathione peroxidase 4, and DLAT (Abcam, Cambridge, UK); E-cadherin and β-catenin (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA); cyclin D1, cyclin D3, FOXO3a, and β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA); PLK1 (ABclonal, Woburn, MA, USA); and ferredoxin 1 (FDX1) (Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA).
Techniques: Inhibition, Control, Standard Deviation, Transwell Migration Assay, Staining, Migration, Reverse Transcription, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Western Blot, Fractionation, Marker, Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence, Immunoprecipitation, Negative Control